Question 1

If you are studying because you want to do well in a course and truly want to understand the material, you are more likely to want to study in the future as compared to those students who view studying as compulsory. Your situation is an example of how

Accepted Answer

A)   attitudes follow behaviors.
B)   behaviors follow attitudes.
C)   attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility.
D)   behaviors follow attitudes for which we feel some responsibility.E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 2

Sarah has always strongly believed that it is wrong to steal, but after she steals a bottle of nail polish from the drug store, her attitude toward stealing becomes significantly less harsh. Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude?

Accepted Answer

A)   cognitive dissonance theory
B)   self-perception theory
C)   reinforcement theory
D)   role-playing theoryE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 3

Impression management is to _____ as cognitive dissonance is to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   overjustification; insufficient justification
B)   false consensus effect; false uniqueness effect
C)   self-monitoring; self-presentation
D)   self-presentation; self-justificationE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 4

Following the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision to desegregate schools, the percentage of White Americans favoring integrated schools more than doubled. This is an example of how

Accepted Answer

A)   attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined.
B)   attitudes influence behavior when they are potent.
C)   moral attitudes feed moral actions.
D)   moral actions feed moral attitudes.E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 5

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)  found that when people act in a manner that is contrary to their internal attitudes they feel uncomfortable. To reduce this discomfort they may change their attitudes. This is known as

Accepted Answer

A)   defensive pessimism.
B)   self-perception theory.
C)   the insufficient justification effect.
D)   the fundamental attribution error.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 6

After much deliberation, you decide on a college to attend. After you have made your decision, you find yourself reducing any dissonance by _____ the chosen university and _____ the unchosen universities.

Accepted Answer

A)   emphasizing; revamping
B)   revamping; emphasizing
C)   downgrading; upgrading
D)   upgrading; downgradingE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 7

The daily flag salute by school children in the U.S. is an attempt to use _____ to build _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   compliance; attitudes
B)   public beliefs; private conformity
C)   public conformity; private allegiance
D)   conformity; complianceE) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 8

According to the principle of _____, the effects of an attitude are more apparent when we look at a person's average behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   cognitive dissonance
B)   self-perception
C)   planned behavior
D)   aggregationE) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 9

Which of the following theories assumes that our actions are self-revealing?

Accepted Answer

A)   self-presentation theory
B)   self-consistency theory
C)   cognitive dissonance theory
D)   self-perception theoryE) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 10

The implicit association test (IAT)

Accepted Answer

A)   measures conscious attitudes.
B)   measures unconscious attitudes.
C)   measures both conscious and unconscious attitudes.
D)   measures our controlled behaviors.E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 11

Which theory assumes that we observe our actions for clues about our own attitudes and beliefs?

Accepted Answer

A)   self-presentation
B)   cognitive dissonance
C)   self-justification
D)   self-perceptionE) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 12

Which of the following would better predict a person's racial biases?

Accepted Answer

A)   his/her implicit attitude
B)   his/her explicit attitude
C)   explicit association test
D)   Rorschach inkblot testE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 13

"Saying becomes believing" when

Accepted Answer

A)   what you are saying falls in line with your implicit attitude.
B)   your implicit and explicit attitudes are already in agreement.
C)   there is no compelling external explanation for your words.
D)   you have said something similar in the past.E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 14

The finding that religious attitudes can predict the total quantity of religious behaviors over time is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)   moral hypocrisy.
B)   the false consensus effect.
C)   the ABCs of attitudes.
D)   the principle of aggregation.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 15

Though she is opposed to capital punishment, Lisa is asked to give a speech in favor of it to round out a class debate. In the context of insufficient justification, dissonance theory predicts that her true attitude will undergo the most change if she

Accepted Answer

A)   makes a speech implying capital punishment is really wrong.
B)   agrees to give the speech but only if she tells both sides.
C)   agrees to give the speech without special incentives.
D)   agrees to give the speech for a large reward.E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 16

Identify the true statement about cognitive dissonance theory.

Accepted Answer

A)   It assumes that for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent.
B)   It highlights the arousal of tension when two differing thoughts coexist.
C)   It focuses on doing acts as per one's discretion without providing any justification for such acts.
D)   It is most commonly referred to as the planning fallacy.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 17

The insufficient justification effect involves reducing dissonance by _____ justifying one's behavior when _____ justification is insufficient.

Accepted Answer

A)   externally; internal
B)   internally; external
C)   cognitively; emotional
D)   emotionally; cognitiveE) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 18

Higgins and Rholes (1978)  found that when people say something positive to others when told to supported the research that

Accepted Answer

A)   saying it changes our beliefs or feelings.
B)   saying it does not change our beliefs or feelings.
C)   saying it changes the other person's mind.
D)   saying it does not change the other person's mind.E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 19

When he was first promoted to manager, Ben felt awkward giving orders to his previous co-workers. After a few weeks though, he learned how to behave like the boss. In the context of behaviors affecting attitudes, Ben's adjustment suggests that he has now adopted to his new

Accepted Answer

A)   role.
B)   implicit attitude.
C)   explicit attitude.
D)   place.E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 20

Which statement is NOT true according to the research findings on expressions and attitudes?

Accepted Answer

A)   Our expressions influence our feelings.
B)   Our gait can affect how we feel.
C)   We find cartoons funnier while using our smile muscles.
D)   We can't sense how someone else is feeling by mirroring their facial expressions.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Exam 4: Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) found that when people act in a manner that is contrary to their internal attitudes they feel uncomfortable. To reduce this discomfort they may change their attitudes. This is known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following would better predict a person's racial biases?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the principle of _____, the effects of an attitude are more apparent when we look at a person's average behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The implicit association test (IAT)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Impression management is to _____ as cognitive dissonance is to _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Though she is opposed to capital punishment, Lisa is asked to give a speech in favor of it to round out a class debate. In the context of insufficient justification, dissonance theory predicts that her true attitude will undergo the most change if she

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The finding that religious attitudes can predict the total quantity of religious behaviors over time is an example of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If you are studying because you want to do well in a course and truly want to understand the material, you are more likely to want to study in the future as compared to those students who view studying as compulsory. Your situation is an example of how

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

"Saying becomes believing" when

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The insufficient justification effect involves reducing dissonance by _____ justifying one's behavior when _____ justification is insufficient.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which theory assumes that we observe our actions for clues about our own attitudes and beliefs?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When he was first promoted to manager, Ben felt awkward giving orders to his previous co-workers. After a few weeks though, he learned how to behave like the boss. In the context of behaviors affecting attitudes, Ben's adjustment suggests that he has now adopted to his new

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement is NOT true according to the research findings on expressions and attitudes?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The daily flag salute by school children in the U.S. is an attempt to use _____ to build _____.

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Sarah has always strongly believed that it is wrong to steal, but after she steals a bottle of nail polish from the drug store, her attitude toward stealing becomes significantly less harsh. Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Identify the true statement about cognitive dissonance theory.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following theories assumes that our actions are self-revealing?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

After much deliberation, you decide on a college to attend. After you have made your decision, you find yourself reducing any dissonance by _____ the chosen university and _____ the unchosen universities.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Following the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision to desegregate schools, the percentage of White Americans favoring integrated schools more than doubled. This is an example of how

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Higgins and Rholes (1978) found that when people say something positive to others when told to supported the research that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Impression management is to _ as cognitive dissonance is to _.

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The insufficient justification effect involves reducing dissonance by _ justifying one's behavior when _ justification is insufficient.

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The daily flag salute by school children in the U.S. is an attempt to use _ to build _.

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After much deliberation, you decide on a college to attend. After you have made your decision, you find yourself reducing any dissonance by _ the chosen university and _ the unchosen universities.

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